![]() generator ramping, fuel and other operational costs, transmission system attributes, and emissions restrictions). Time-synchronous demand and renewable energy generation data.Hourly to sub-hourly unit commitment or dispatch intervals.Characteristics of a production cost analysis and example questions addressed. Table 2 showcases the main features of a production cost analysis, along with example questions that production cost analyses can help to answer. Note that production cost analyses do not evaluate the capital costs of new generation or transmission assets however, capacity expansion model results can be used in production cost models. A production cost analysis can be used to evaluate the feasibility of high renewable energy penetrations from an operational perspective and to test institutional and physical options for improving system flexibility. What types of generation and transmission infrastructure can protect the power sector against unexpected disruptions to normal power system operations?Ī production cost analysis evaluates the effects of one or more VRE penetration scenarios on bulk power scheduling and economic dispatch, with the goal of minimizing operational costs of different future scenarios.What are the expected air emissions reductions associated with various renewable energy scenarios?.How will different VRE penetration scenarios impact economic development indicators?.What are the system-wide capital costs associated with different VRE targets?.How will factors such as new policies, technological advancement, and electricity demand growth affect planning for generation and transmission infrastructure in the future?.Where, when, how much, and what types of infrastructure would achieve VRE targets at least cost?.Assess long-term, system-wide trends in the decarbonization of the power sector.Examine the role of various technologies, such as energy storage, in integrating VRE. ![]() Inform production cost studies by identifying and prioritizing generation and transmission buildout scenarios-including installed VRE capacity and siting.Assess system-wide capital costs associated with one or more generation or transmission expansion plans.Identify cost-effective transmission system upgrades and expansion-including trade-offs between transmission and generation expansion.Evaluate the impacts of energy and climate policies on future system-wide costs, emissions, fuel consumption, and economic development indicators.Identify cost-effective installed capacity and locations for VRE and conventional generation.Generation and transmission investment constraints.Capital costs of generation technologies.Annual electricity demand & projections.High spatial resolution renewable energy data. ![]() Annual for each year within the modeling horizon, with representation of seasonal and reduced-form intraday constraints.Table 1: Characteristics of a capacity expansion analysis and example questions addressed. Table 1 highlights the key attributes of a capacity expansion analysis, along with example questions that capacity expansion analyses can help to answer. For example, a capacity expansion analysis can assess system-wide capital costs and identify cost-effective installed capacity and locations for variable renewable energy (VRE). ![]() Capacity expansion analyses are used to identify the appropriate type, amount, timing, and location of solar and wind generation capacity required to meet renewable energy or other policy targets. Moreover, a capacity expansion analysis serves as the foundation for a power sector master plan or an integrated resource plan. Figure 1 illustrates the iterative relationship among capacity expansion, production cost, and power flow analyses, including how each type of analysis can inform the others.Ī capacity expansion analysis identifies where, when, how much, and what types of generation and/or transmission resources can provide reliable electricity supply at the least cost, considering factors such as new policies, technological advancements, fuel prices, and demand projections. The choice of which analysis or combination of analyses to implement depends on the policy-relevant questions that best address a country's priorities. Although a best-in-class grid integration study uses all three types of analyses, many studies focus on only one or two methods. ![]()
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